NAD+

NAD⁺ (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide) is a naturally occurring coenzyme present in all living cells and plays a central role in cellular energy metabolism. It functions as a key electron carrier in redox reactions, supporting ATP production through glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.

In research settings, NAD⁺ has been studied for its involvement in mitochondrial function, DNA repair (via PARP enzymes), and regulation of cellular stress responses through sirtuin activation. Age-associated declines in NAD⁺ levels have led to investigation into its role in metabolic health and cellular aging pathways.